Sexually transmitted infections lesions found during colonoscopies

Introduction: Anal examination and videoanoscopy (VA) are rarely performed during colonoscopies. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in lesions of sexually transmitted anal and rectal infections, but these conditions are not noticed or reported during routine colonoscopy. Objective: To raise awareness regarding the fortuitous findings of lesions and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in colonoscopy exams and to demonstrate that anal examination and VA provide important information and should be routinely performed. Methods: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study in 16,132 patients screened by colonoscopy and VA between 2006 and 2018. Among numerous other findings, the presence of anal condylomata and sexually transmitted retitis or perianal dermatitis was observed. The rates of each finding were calculated, and the patients were subdivided by sex and into age groups by blocks of ten years. Results: Among the 16,132 colonoscopies performed, 26 cases of condyloma (0.16%) and 50 cases of proctitis or perianal dermatitis suspicious for STI (0.33%) were found. Conclusion: Performing anal examination and VA systematically in all routine colonoscopies enabled the identification of numerous anal conditions, including several fortuitous cases of STIs. The study proposes that anal examination and VA should be performed in all routine colonoscopies and, in suspected cases, complementary tests for STIs. (AU)

Rectal damage control: when to do and not to do / Control de daños de recto: que hacer y que no hacer

Abstract Rectal trauma is uncommon, but it is usually associated with injuries in adjacent pelvic or abdominal organs. Recent studies have changed the paradigm behind military rectal trauma management, showing better morbidity and mortality. However, damage control techniques in rectal trauma remain controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the treatment of rectal trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability, according to damage control surgery principles. We propose to manage intraperitoneal rectal injuries in the same way as colon injuries. The treatment of extraperitoneal rectum injuries will depend on the percentage of the circumference involved. For injuries involving more than 25% of the circumference, a colostomy is indicated. While injuries involving less than 25% of the circumference can be managed through a conservative approach or primary repair. In rectal trauma, knowing when to do or not to do it makes the difference.

Resumen El trauma de recto es poco frecuente, pero generalmente se asocia a lesiones de órganos adyacentes en la región pélvica y abdominal. Estudios recientes han cambiado los paradigmas del manejo tradicional derivados del trauma militar, mostrando mejores resultados en la morbilidad y mortalidad. Sin embargo, las técnicas de control de daños en el trauma rectal aún son controvertidas. El objetivo de este articulo es proponer el algoritmo de manejo del paciente con trauma rectal e inestabilidad hemodinámica, según los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se propone que las lesiones del recto en su porción intraperitoneal sean manejadas de la misma manera que las lesiones del colon. Mientras que el manejo de las lesiones extraperitoneales del recto dependerá del compromiso de la circunferencia rectal. Si es mayor del 25% se recomienda realizar una colostomía. Si es menor, se propone optar por el manejo conservador o el reparo primario. Saber que hacer o que no hacer en el trauma de recto marca la diferencia.

Clinical study of fistula in ano with special reference to its surgical management

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the results of “Lay open method” fistulectomy technique in treating fistula-in-ano in terms of relief of symptoms, healing of wound, recurrence rate and post-operative complications.Methods: Total 45 cases with definite history of fistula and clinically diagnosed cases of fistula in ano selected for the study. A final diagnosis was made after proctoscopic examination under anaesthesia during operation and by histopathological examination after completion of operation.  In all the patients, lay open method fistulectomy was done. Post-operative period was closely monitored and all the cases were meticulously followed for a variable period of time.Results: The common fistulas were low anal type (80%). External opening was mostly located in the posterior mid zone (44.44%). Internal opening was found in 30 cases (66.66%) during per rectal digital examination while proctoscopic examination revealed internal opening in 26 cases (57.77%). Pain (22.22%), retention of urine (8.88%) were the commonest immediate as well as incontinence (1; 2.22%) and recurrence (1; 2.22%) were the delayed post-operative complications. 90% of cases had a satisfactory healing of their wounds within 21 days. Excellent results were achieved in 77.77% cases and only one case of recurrence (2.22%).Conclusions: Encouragingly high success rates were achieved in our patients, but this series comprised a very small number of patients in a short period of time with limited amenities; also follow up of very short duration and irregular for which a definite conclusion is difficult to arrive at.

An Aubergine in My … Case of Rectal Foreign Body

@#A 24-year-old man presented to the casualty department with a history of left-sided, colicky abdominal pain for one day. It was associated with an inability to pass flatus or motion within the same duration. There was no history of vomiting. On examination, the vital signs were within normal limits, and he was afebrile. His abdomen was soft, but a hard mass was palpable on the left side of his abdomen. There was no peritonitis. The bowel sounds were sluggish.

Effi cacy of a standardized herbal preparation (Roidosanal®) in the treatment of hemorrhoids: A randomized, controlled, open-label multicentre study.

Background: Catechins and epicatechins are monomers of naturally occurring proanthocyanidins, which have been reported with free radical scavenging, antioxidant, antiinfl ammatory, antiallergic, and vasodilatory properties. Plant parts rich in proanthocyanidins have been used for years in treatment of various ano-rectal diseases. This study compares the effi cacy of two herbal preparations, Dafl on® 500 mg and Roidosanal®, in ameliorating the signs and symptoms associated with hemorrhoids. Objective: To evaluate the safety and to compare the effi cacy of a herbal preparation, Roidosanal® versus Dafl on® 500 mg, on signs and symptoms of hemorrhoidal disease. Materials and Methods: In this pilot, active controlled, open-labeled multicentre study, 73 patients with proctoscopy proven hemorrhoids (Grade I to III) were randomly assigned to receive either Roidosanal® (Gr R; n = 37) or Dafl on® 500 mg (Gr D; n = 36), for 15 days, at three centers in India. Assessment of hemorrhoidal symptoms was carried out in all patients at different time points. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed for both primary and secondary endpoints. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Both products were found to be equally effective in improving the ano-rectal conditions in Grade I and Grade II hemorrhoids; however, Roidosanal® demonstrated better effi cacy in patients with Grade III hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids associated symptoms like bleeding, pain, etc., improved in both groups, although intergroup comparisons were comparable. Conclusion: Both Roidosanal® and Dafl on® 500 mg were equally effective in resolving signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids. Roidosanal® can be tried as a safe and effective treatment option for treatment of hemorrhoids. Further randomized, double-blind and large multicentre studies are recommended.

Analysis of endoscopic and pathological features of 66 cases with rectum neuroendocrine neoplasm / 中华消化杂志

Objective To analyze the endoscopic and pathological characteristics of rectum neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN).Methods From January 2005 to May 2012,the endoscopic and pathological data of 66 patients with rectum NEN were collected and graded according to historistic grade of gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine neoplasm (GEP-NEN) by World Health Organization (WHO).The factors related with the metastasis of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) and neuroendocrine cancer (NEC) were analyzed by Chi square test and Fisher exact probability method.Results The locations of 66 NEN cases were between three and 15 cm from the anus.The diameters of 54 cases were less than 1 cm and under endoscopy the appearance of most tumors was submucosal hemispherical polypoid bulge.The diameters of nine cases were over 1 cm but less than 2 cm,of which the appearance of five cases was submucosal thickening or sessile polypoid bulge.The diameter of three cases was over 2 cm and the appearance was cauliflower-like or polypoid tumor which caused annular lumen stenosis.Sixty-one cases were NET (grade G1),three cases were NEC (grade G3) and two cases were mixed adenoendocrine carcinoma with both NEC and adenocarcinoma components.The metastasis of NET and NEC was not related with gender (x2 =0.158,P＞0.05) and age (Fisher exact probability method,P＞ 0.05),however was related with the diameter of tumor (Fisher exact probability method,P＜0.05).Conclusions NEN is a tumor with variety endoscopic characteristics and pathological features.The metastasis of NET and NEC seems not related with gender and age,but related with diameter.

The value of high-resolution anoscopy in the diagnosis of anal cancer precursor lesions in hiv-positive patients / Anuscopia de alta resolução: valor diagnóstico em lesões precursoras de câncer anal em pacientes soropositivos

CONTEXT: Anal cancer, although a still rare disease, is being observed in ascending rates among some population segments known to be at risk for the development of the disease. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, immunodepression and anal intercourse are some factors associated with the development of the malignancy. Its similarities to cervical cancer have led to many studies aiming to establish guidelines for detecting and treating precursor lesions of anal cancer, with the goal of prevention. High-resolution anoscopy is routinely used for the diagnosis of anal cancer precursor lesions in many centers but the medical literature is still deficient concerning the role of this diagnostic modality. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate diagnostic validation and precision measures of high-resolution anoscopy in comparison to histopathological results of anal biopsies performed in HIV-positive patients treated at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas, AM, Brazil. To observe any possible association between some risk factors for the development of anal cancer and the presence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. METHODS: A hundred and twenty-eight HIV-positive patients were submitted to anal canal cytological sampling for the detection of HPV infection by a PCR based method. High-resolution anoscopy was then performed after topical application of acetic acid 3 percent in the anal canal for 2 minutes. Eventual acetowhite lesions that were detected were recorded in respect to location, and classified by their tinctorial pattern, distribution aspect, relief, surface and vascular pattern. Biopsies of acetowhite lesions were performed under local anesthesia and the specimens sent to histopathological analysis. The patients were interviewed for the presence of anal cancer risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalences of anal HPV infection and of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in the studied population were, respectively, 79 percent and 39.1 percent. High-resolution anoscopy showed sensibility of 90 percent, specificity of 19.23 percent, positive predictive value of 41.67 percent, negative predictive value of 75 percent, and a kappa coefficient of 0.076. From the analyzed lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was more frequently observed in association to dense (68 percent), flat (61 percent), smooth (61 percent), non-papillary (83 percent) and normal vascular pattern (70 percent) acetowhite lesions, while low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions tended to be associated to dense (66 percent), flat-raised or raised (68 percent), granular (59 percent), non-papillary (62 percent) and normal vascular pattern (53 percent) acetowhite lesions. No statistical significance was observed as to the association of epidemiological characteristics and of most of the investigated anal cancer risk factors and presence of acetowhite lesions or anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. However, anal receptive sex and anal HPV infection were significantly associated to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (P = 0.0493 and P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: High-resolution anoscopy demonstrated to be a sensitive, but not specific test for the detection of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. Risk factors anal receptive sex and anal HPV infection were significantly associated to the presence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. Based on high-resolution anoscopy image data, acetowhite lesions relief and surface pattern were prone to distinguish between low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

CONTEXTO: O câncer anal, muito embora ainda seja uma doença rara, vem sendo observado com frequência ascendente em alguns grupos populacionais considerados sob risco para o desenvolvimento da doença. Infecção pelo vírus do papiloma humano (HPV), imunossupressão e o sexo anoreceptivo são alguns dos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da neoplasia. Suas semelhanças com o câncer do colo do útero levaram muitos estudos voltados para o estabelecimento de regras para a detecção e tratamento de lesões precursoras do câncer anal, tudo com o objetivo de prevenir a doença. A anuscopia com magnificação de imagem é rotineiramente utilizada para o diagnóstico de lesões precursoras do câncer anal em muitos centros, mas a literatura médica ainda é escassa a respeito do papel a ser desempenhado por essa modalidade diagnóstica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as medidas de validação e precisão diagnósticas da anuscopia com magnificação de imagem em comparação com resultados histopatológicos de biopsias anais realizadas em pacientes HIV-positivos tratados na Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil. Observar qualquer possível associação entre alguns fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer anal e a presença de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. MÉTODOS: Cento e vinte e oito pacientes HIV-positivos foram submetidos a coleta de material celular anal para a realização da detecção da presença de HPV pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Anuscopias com magnificação de imagem foram realizadas após a aplicação tópica de ácido acético a 3 por cento no canal anal por 2 minutos. As lesões acetobrancas eventualmente observadas foram registradas com respeito a sua localização e classificadas quanto ao seu padrão tintorial, aspecto de distribuição, relevo, características de sua superfície e vascularidade. Foram realizadas biopsias das lesões acetobrancas sob anestesia local e os espécimes foram remetidos para estudo histopatológico. Os pacientes foram entrevistados em relação à presença de fatores de risco para o câncer anal. RESULTADOS: As prevalências de infecção anal pelo HPV e de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais na amostra populacional estudada foram de 79 por cento e 39,1 por cento, respectivamente. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da anuscopia com magnificação de imagem foram, respectivamente, de 90 por cento e 19,23 por cento, enquanto que o valor preditivo positivo foi de 41,67 por cento, o valor preditivo negativo foi de 75 por cento e o coeficiente kappa de 0,076. Com respeito às lesões analisadas de alto grau foram mais frequentemente observadas em associação com lesões acetobrancas densas (68 por cento), planas (61 por cento), lisas (61 por cento), não-papilíferas (83 por cento) e com padrão vascular normal (70 por cento), enquanto que lesões de baixo-grau tenderam a se associar a lesões aetobrancas densas (66 por cento), plano-elevadas ou elevadas (68 por cento), granulares (59 por cento), não-papilíferas (62 por cento) e de padrão vascular normal (53 por cento). Não se observou significância estatística na associação entre características epidemiológicas e a maioria dos fatores de risco para o câncer anal e a presença de lesão acetobrancas ou de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. Entretanto, o sexo anorreceptivo e a detecção de infecção anal por HPV, segundo a técnica da reação da cadeia de polimerase, associaram-se significantemente com lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais (P = 0,0493 e P =0,006, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: A anuscopia com magnificação de imagem demonstrou ser um método diagnostico sensível, mas inespecífico para a detecção de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. Os fatores de risco sexo anorreceptivo e infecção anal pelo HPV associaram-se significantemente à presença de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas anais. Com base nos achados da anuscopia com magnificação de imagem, o relevo e o aspecto morfológico da distribuição das lesões acetobrancas na superfície do canal anal tenderam a permitir a distinção entre lesões de baixo e alto grau.

A comparative clinical study on procedure for prolapse and heamorroids and straight-needle handsewing hemorroidepexv for the treatment of grade Ⅲ - Ⅳ heamorrhoids / 中华普通外科杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the short-term and long-term results of hand-sewing heamorroidpexy(HHP) and procedure for prolapse and heamorroids(PPH) in the treatment of grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ heamorrhoids.MethodsEight hundred patients were randomly divided into two groups receiving PPH (n =415) and HHP( n =385 ) respectively.The operative result including postoperative pain,prolapse,total expense,time to return normal work,percentage of satisfaction and other complications were compared between the two groups.ResultThe time of resuming normal work in HHP group was (5.2±2.3) d,in PPH group was ( 10.2 ±2.4) d,P =0.038.Postoperative visual analogue scale ≥5 was found in 45 cases ( 12.1％ ) in HHP group,and in 128 cases(31.8％ ) in PPH group,P =0.018.HHP group was superior to PPH group in patients' satisfaction,inhospital cost,complications,and recurrence,all P ＜ 0.05.Patients were followed up for more than 2 years,long term complication of bleeding,prolapse and anastomtic structure developed less frequently in HHP group than in PPH group (x2 =4.25,P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionsHHP is a safe and effective treatment for heamorroids(gradeⅢ - Ⅳ ) with the advantages of less postoperative pain,quicker recovery,lower expenses,shorter hospital stay and higher satisfactory rate.

Microcirurgia endoscópica transanal no tratamento dos tumores do reto: estudo prospectivo em 50 pacientes / Transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the treatment of rectal tumors: a prospective study in 50 patients

RACIONAL: A literatura médica aceita ressecção local como opção válida em casos selecionados de tumores de reto. A seleção dos pacientes requer exata estimativa dos riscos e avaliação pré-operatória precisa, tanto no aspecto clínico como histopatológico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da microcirurgia endoscópica transanal em seguimento de 18 meses. MÉTODOS: De abril de 2002 a abril de 2006, 50 pacientes com tumores de reto foram submetidos a microcirurgia endoscópica transanal, selecionados por suas características clínicas e histopatológicas. Os critérios de inclusão foram: adenomas sésseis maiores do que 3 cm e menores do que 8 cm não-circunferenciais; neoplasia intra-epitelial de alto grau; carcinoma retal pT1, e em casos especiais pT2. Todos esses tumores foram submetidos ao mesmo procedimento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: O resultado histopatológico final revelou 9 adenomas, 26 neoplasias intra-epiteliais de alto grau, 13 carcinomas (9 pT1 e 4 pT2) e 2 carcinóides. A menor idade foi de 25 anos e a maior de 92. O menor tumor ressecado tinha 64 mm² (carcinóide) e o maior (adenoma) 90 mm². O tempo médio de operação foi de 90 minutos e o de internamento 5 dias. Houve uma morte não relacionada ao método. Um paciente com carcinoma de baixo risco pT1 apresentou recidiva 18 meses após microcirurgia endoscópica transanal e foi submetido a retossigmoidectomia curativa. Foi observado tumor residual em dois pacientes e a complicação mais grave foi uma fístula retovaginal. A taxa de complicação global foi de 9 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Atualmente a microcirurgia endoscópica transanal é a técnica de escolha para o tratamento de adenomas sésseis, neoplasias intra-epiteliais de alto grau e carcinoma retal pT1 de baixo risco.

BACKGROUND: The medical literature accepts local resection as a valuable option in selected cases of rectal tumors. Selection of patients requires an exact perioperative estimation of risks with clinical and histopathological examination. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery aims a safe resection of the tumoral area which leads up to the cure. AIM: To evaluate transanal endoscopic microsurgery results in a follow-up time of 18 months. METHODS: From April 2002 to April 2006, 50 patients with rectal tumors were submitted to transanal endoscopic microsurgery, chosen by clinical history and lesion characteristics. The inclusion criteria were: sessile adenomas larger than 3 cm and smaller than 8 cm, not circumferentially distributed; intra epithelial neoplasia of high degree; and rectal carcinoma pT1, and special cases of pT2. All these rectal tumors were submitted to the same surgical act. RESULTS: The final histopathological results reveal 9 adenoma, 26 intra-epithelial neoplasia of high degree, 13 carcinoma (9 pT1-4 pT2) and 2 carcinoid. The lowest age was 25 and the higher, 92 years-old. The smallest resected tumor had 64 mm² (carcinoid) and the largest (adenoma), 90 cm². Operating time was in average 90 minutes and the overall time statement, 5 days. There was one death not related with the method. One patient with low risk carcinoma pT1 presented recurrence 18 months after transanal endoscopic microsurgery and was submitted to curative rectosigmoidectomy. It was proven a residual tumor after local surgery in two patients and the most important complication was one recto-vaginal fistula. The overall complications rate was 9 percent. CONCLUSION: Today transanal endoscopic microsurgery is chosen as the ideal technique for the treatment of sessile adenomas, intraepithelial neoplasia of high degree and rectal carcinoma pT1.